The foundation is a very important part of any building. There are several options for arranging the basis. The most popular of them is the strip foundation. Such popularity is due to the fact that its construction does not require the use of bulky technology. In addition, the cost of the tape basis device is much lower than when building other types of foundation. Therefore, many owners of private houses can afford it. In addition, this type of basis is quite easy to install. About how the laying of the strip foundation is performed - further.
Content
Bookmark and arrangement of the strip foundation
The main thing that needs to be analyzed in more is some technological nuances of this type of basis. Dry, non -poudy soils are considered the most suitable for such foundations using a small laying method. If the depth to which the soil freezes is quite large on the site, then the construction of the strip base will be more expensive due to the fact that impressive costs of land work will be required.
The basis of the strip foundation is the reinforced concrete strip, which passes along the perimeter of the built building. The result is a kind of tape laid under the supporting walls of the building. At the same time, it is important that a uniform section is sustained around the entire perimeter.
To date, several types of strip foundations are distinguished, and choosing the most suitable is a very responsible and important task. If the construction is large, then it is better for her to prefer metal, whole or prefabricated strip bases. With such a basis, you don’t have to think about how to make walls for the basement or basement, because they will be built using the same technology as the foundation itself.
With a heterogeneous structure of the soil, there is a risk of uneven precipitation of the base. The strip type of basis successfully copes with this situation and, thanks to a single design, will be able to redistribute efforts. This, in turn, will not allow the walls of the house to skew, and will not allow cracks.
The building material that is used in the construction of the foundation affects its operation. Lunder bases on cement mortar are the longest. They can be operated 100-120 years. The same amount of monolithic concrete foundations can last. From 50 to 70 years - the operational period of tape concrete bases. Brick tape bases, namely, 35-50 years, will last a little less. By constructive features, two types of foundation are distinguished - monolithic and prefabricated. The first of them gather entirely directly on the spot. Collectors are being built from finished parts of factory production. Together, its individual elements are fastened with a crane.
In terms of depth of bookmarks, the basis is distinguished:
- fine -sized,
- buried.
The choice in favor of one or another option depends on the degree of load. The first one is best to use for light wooden buildings and small brick houses. The depth of its laying is only 60-75 m. It is preferable for it to choose a weakly bundle for it.
For structures with heavy massive ceilings and walls, a deepened foundation is usually used. It is permissible that the soil for it is heaving. If there is a basement or garage under the house, then such a foundation is the only right option. But we must not forget that it will require much more expenses of funds and materials. Such a foundation, as a rule, is deepened about 25 cm below the depth of freezing of the soil. Under the walls inside the building can be depth 45-65 cm.
Types and types of structures
- Boto -concrete basis. A mixture of sand and cement with large stones is all that you need for this type of foundation. At the same time, a rather reliable base with a width of 0.2 to 1 m should be obtained. In addition, a pillow of sand or gravel is always made. Its thickness should be at least 15 cm. The soil is aligned with it.
- Reinforced concrete strip foundation. In the mixture for this type of basis, sand, crushed stone and cement are used. For strengthening, a metal grid and reinforcing bars are used. Such a foundation is recommended to choose for areas with sandy soil. It is quite durable and inexpensive.
- The main application brick strip The support of the aboveground and underground part of the building, including basement floors, is considered. But we must not forget that brick is a hygroscopic material and in a humid state becomes more fragile, which can collapse even with small frosts. Therefore, for this material, high -quality waterproofing is performed. This type of base is suitable if the house has a wooden frame or walls have a thickness of 1-1.5 bricks.
For any buildings, you can safely adopt the foundation blocks and slabs. They are quite reliable and durable. Small -sized bases are being built using a botarous concrete and reinforced concrete.
Tape foundation laying technology
Preparatory work
As before the start of any work, it is necessary to remove the garbage from the place and everything that can interfere with the markup. The marking itself is performed for both the internal and external border of the built foundation. Many for this purpose use improvised materials, for example, pegs or reinforcing rods with a rope. But still it is recommended to do this using special devices - laser levels. Strong errors during markings cannot be allowed, because This will affect the appearance of the building.
There are some recommendations, observing which can be achieved perfectly flat marking:
- So, for this it is necessary to determine the axis of the future building.
- Next, using a plumb line, a point is planned, and from it at right angles the rope is pulled to the other corners of the room.
- To determine another corner, you can use a square.
- In addition, it will be necessary to check the corners, focusing on the diagonal. If the check is successful, then a rope is pulled between the corners.
- Next, you can start internal markup. To do this, from external markings, the indentation is made at the distance of the thickness of the future foundation.
When it is finished with markings, you need to inspect the irregularities at the construction site and choose the lowest point from which the trench depth will be counted. It will also eliminate the difference in the height of the basis. With a small building size, the depth of the trench can only be 45 cm. Land work begins with the digging of the pit. This can be done manually using a shovel or hired an excavator. The last option will help save a lot of time and effort. However, all the same, to align the edges of the trench, you will need a shovel. To measure the depth of the pit, it is advisable to use a water level. You should not do the measurement on the eye.
Installation of formwork
When the marking is made and the trench is dug, you can proceed to the installation of the formwork. This work usually begins with the fact that a sand pillow is laid at the bottom of the pit. This is a very important detail, because Thanks to it, it is possible to reduce the load by its distribution over the entire surface of the base, and to some extent even save on materials. For a pillow, you need to make a layer of sand at least 15 cm, after which it is equalized horizontally and is tamped properly. When this is done, it will be necessary to pour the crushed stone layer on top and lay waterproofing. For this, a roofing material or a film made of polyethylene is suitable. The foundation cannot be poured until the formwork is ready. The formwork can be made of improvised materials, for example, plywood boards and unnecessary pieces of metal tiles. All structural elements are connected by nails or screws. Moreover, in order to facilitate the disassembly of formwork in the future, the hats of nails are left inside.
When the formwork is installed, it should be approximately 35 cm above the ground level. On the inside of the structure at the level of filling the future foundation, a rope is pulled around the entire perimeter. It is recommended to immediately provide holes for water and sewer pipes. Otherwise, they will have to cut them out, which will violate the integrity of the basis and can affect its strength.
After that, it will be necessary to lay the reinforcement. For this, the rifle with a cross section of 12 mm is fastened with each other with a special wire. They need to be tied so that the square cells turn out with the sides of about 35 cm. It is advisable to avoid the use of welding in this matter. The fact is that corrosion may appear in the joints. The knitting has one more advantage, it makes the design when the soil moves more flexible. Parts of the reinforcement should be inside the monolith. In order to achieve this, when laying it, it is necessary to ensure that the indentation of about 6-7 cm is observed from all sides. After laying the reinforcement, you can begin to fill the concrete.
Filling and laying the strip foundation
Before starting the fill, you should calculate how much concrete is needed for this. This is done quite simply - there is a work of three values, namely the height, length and width of the foundation. To prepare the mixture, it will be necessary to mix sand, crushed stone and cement in a proportion of 3: 5: 1, respectively. Then the solution is diluted with water.
It is best to use concrete prepared at the factory for filling. The fact is that in one call, you most likely cannot be filled with a mixture prepared with your own hand. Because of this, the so-called "cold joints" appear. Moisture that is detrimental to the foundation will penetrate through these defects. If a special machine is used to fill the basis, then you should check if there is access for pouring from formwork from the ramps. It is also important so that the solution does not begin to harden. If this still happened, then the concrete mixture can be diluted with a small amount of water.
The process of filling the tape foundation itself is as follows. To make the foundation a high-quality, concrete mixture is poured into several layers, the thickness of each of which is about 25-30 cm. At the same time, before pouring the next layer, already flooded must be closed. Thus, you will prevent the formation inside the foundation of voids. In addition, in order to avoid voids of the wall -of -the -way wall, it is recommended to cut off timely. The level to which concrete is poured is usually noted in advance with a stretched rope.
When the work is completed, the surface of the basis is aligned with a trowel. In addition, air should come out of the flooded foundation. To do this, it is pierced in several places with reinforcement. It is also necessary to squeeze the formwork from the outside with a wooden hammer.
Bookmark of the strip foundation: photo
