Sooner or later, owners of apartments, cottages, as well as specialists of warehouse, retail, office and other premises are faced with the problem of acquiring heating radiators. Regardless of whether the batteries are changing or a new heating system is being mounted, but a competent calculation of the required number of sections of any type of radiator will create an optimal microclimate for living or temporary finding people in the room, as well as ensure the optimal temperature for storing goods. However, before calculating the heating radiator, it is necessary to determine the size of the product and the type of metal, since the thermal conductivity of all materials is not the same.
Content
Varieties of heating radiators
Currently, the main materials for the manufacture of heating radiators, the photo of which are presented in the article, are steel, cast iron and aluminum. Considering that the different properties of the materials used in the production of radiators are affected by the operational characteristics of the finished product, then the whole variety of batteries is combined into 4 groups.
Cast iron radiators
The batteries made of cast iron are in high demand for several decades. However, unlike old specimens, modern models are more aesthetic and allow them to succinctly fit them into the interior of various style orientations without the use of protective screens.
Advantages:
- high resistance to aggressive impurities of the coolant;
- the ability to withstand significant hydraulic blows;
- good heat -acting ability;
- sufficiently the internal section excludes clogging of the radiator;
- durability;
- acceptable cost.
Flaws:
- the duration of heating the room with the initial supply of the coolant;
- the need for periodic coloring;
- the roughness of the inner surface contributes to the formation of various kinds of deposits, slightly reducing the working characteristics of the product over time;
- the complexity of installation, due to a large weight.
Despite all the advantages and disadvantages, cast -iron heating radiators are ideal for both the autonomous and central heating system.
Steel radiators
A huge variety of steel radiators produced by domestic and foreign manufacturers is divided into:
- panel. Regarding other types of radiators, they differ in simplicity of design and more compact sizes. The return of thermal energy in most panel radiators occurs according to the principle of convection, as a result of which there is an uneven heating of the air masses. It would seem that the minimum number of welds should provide good reliability of the structure. However, a small cross section of the pipes leads to a fairly rapid clogging of the radiator when using a poor -quality coolant containing various impurities, so install panel radiators in multi -storey buildings with caution;
- tubular. The predominant feature of tubular radiators is the absence of sharp corners and a variety of design design. Unlike panel devices, heat transfer is carried out through radiation, and pipes of a larger section are less susceptible to hydraulic and clogging. At the same time, the docking seams, made through point welding, give a leak after the short operational period.
Advantages:
- diverse lineup;
- good heat transfer with low thermal inertia;
- a wide price range depending on the type of battery, size and used in the process of manufacturing technologies designed to minimize various drawbacks.
Cons:
- high requirements for the quality of the coolant;
- low resistance to corrosion, especially when draining the heating system for more than 2 weeks;
- the need for periodic staining;
- the average life rarely exceeds 10 years.
Steel heating radiators are in greatest demand when installing in private houses or premises heated from an autonomous system.
Aluminum radiators
Aluminum batteries began to be released relatively recently. Compared to cast iron products, steel, aluminum batteries are characterized by a rather attractive design in the most diverse performance.
Pros:
- the maximum level of heat transfer, carried out by convection and thermal radiation;
- quick heating of the room;
- excellent corrosion stability;
- light weight contributes to the simplicity of installation;
- acceptable cost.
Cons:
- periodic configuration of the system;
- do not have resistance to hydraulic producers;
- you can not use copper elements when installing a system that in a short time disable the battery;
- a small operational period rarely exceeding 10 years.
Despite a number of positive and negative points, some operational characteristics of radiators of aluminum heating depend on the method of manufacturing products.
Currently, aluminum batteries are produced by:
- casting when the required amount of pre -made sections is connected into a single design by steel nipples and sealing gaskets. The main feature of the radiators made by the casting method is the release of products of rather complex shapes, which allows you to choose the size of the radiator based on the specific conditions of future operation. At the same time, the joints of individual sections rarely withstand the appressive pressure of the central heating systems;
- extrusion, when an aluminum profile missed through special equipment is converted into a finished product. Unlike casting, radiators produced by extrusion method have greater resistance to pressure drops inside the heating system. At the same time, it is simply impossible to remove or add sections from the finished product. The number of sections of the finished radiator varies within 3-16.
A variety of aluminum heating radiators are anodized products, the production of which is made of metal that has undergone better cleaning and underwent anotic oxidation. Unlike simple aluminum, anodized radiators have a rather high resistance to chemicals present in central heating coolants. In addition, the connection of individual sections is not carried out by means of nipples, but the couplings fixed from the outside of the product, which increases the strength of the batteries before sharp jumps of pressure in the system. However, anodized devices are an order of magnitude more expensive than their counterparts, so they are not popular among a large circle of consumers.
Thus, you should not install aluminum batteries in rooms with central heating, and for uniform heating of the premises heated from the autonomous system, it is advisable to install a circulation pump.
Bimetallic radiators
Thanks to the ideal combination of steel and metal, bimetallic heating radiators turn the disadvantages of metals used in the production process into the advantages of the finished structure, including steel pipes for the movement of coolant, which are externally enclosed in an aluminum membrane. Along with aluminum devices, bimetallic batteries are produced by casting and extrusion.
Pros:
- aesthetic attractiveness;
- excellent thermal conductivity characteristic of aluminum batteries;
- good strength indicators;
- high resistance to hydraulic shocks;
- light weight;
- long period of operation.
Cons:
- possible clogging of the radiator due to the use of steel pipes of small diameter;
- high cost.
Thus, choosing bimetallic and other radiators is taking into account the conditions of their future operation. For central heating systems, it is preferable to opt for cast iron and bimetallic radiators of a monolithic structure, while for an autonomous system, batteries made of any type of metal are suitable. At the same time, do not forget about the correspondence of the size of the radiator you like and the place intended for installation.
Dimensions of radiators
For the correct calculation of heating radiators, you need to know the thermal conductivity of one section, which depends not only on the material, but also on the size of the finished product. In this case, the dimensions of the radiators are selected taking into account the following factors:
- Ideally, the length of the battery should occupy at least 50-60% of the window opening.
- The optimal height of the heating radiator \u003d distance from the windowsill to the flooring is deductible to 15-20 cm, since the distance from the battery to the windowsill during installation should be at least 8-10 cm, as well as the distance from the floor to the lower border of the battery also vary within 8- 10 cm.
- The thickness of the battery is determined by the layout features, although the maximum heat transfer is achieved if the radiator protrudes 4-5 cm outside the window sill.
Given the size of the product at the stage of calculating the required number of sections, the buyer is in advance of inaccuracies in the determination of the required amount of heat for a particular room.
Calculation of heating radiators
The optimal power of the radiator is determined separately for each room, since the volume of heated air in various rooms is unlikely to be the same. Depending on the necessary degree of accuracy of the final result, one of the calculation methods is selected.
Calculation by area
According to SNiP, for heating 1 m², 100 W thermal energy is needed, therefore:
The number of sections \u003d the area of \u200b\u200bthe room * 100 W / heat transfer of the section of the selected radiator (taken from the documentation coming complete with the radiator).
For example, for heating a room with a width of 3 m and a length of 5 m with a bimetal radiator, the average power of the section of which is 200 W, it will require: the number of sections \u003d 15*100/200 \u003d 7.5. Since the result was in the form of a fractional number, it must be rounded to the whole towards the increase, i.e. for heating a room with an area of \u200b\u200b15 m² 8 sections will be required that are divided into 2 radiators.
The calculation of the heating radiator by area refers to a less time -consuming method, which determines a rather approximate result.
Calculation by volume
Guided by SNiP, 1 m³ in panel, brick houses without additional insulation measures requires 41 watts, and in insulated houses equipped with modern double -glazed windows, 34 watts are enough. The calculation is as follows:
The number of sections \u003d volume of the room (area * height) * 41 W (or 34 W) / power of the radiator section.
For example, the volume of a room located in Old Khrushchev is 37.5 m³ (3*5*2.5). As an acquisition, a cast -iron battery with the heat transfer of a section of 100 watts is considered. Based on their data, the number of sections \u003d 37.5*41/100 \u003d 15.375. Prounded the result, the desired value is obtained in 16 sections.
Unlike the previous method of calculation, determining the number of sections by volume gives a more accurate result, but not the most reliable.
Using corrective coefficients
The peculiarity of the method lies in the fact that when calculating the number of heating radiators, various coefficients are taken into account, which in one way or another affect the maintenance of heat in the room. The calculation formula has the following view:
The required capacity of the radiator \u003d the area of \u200b\u200bthe room * 100 W (heat rate for 1 m²) * KTEP * KTEM * KTEM * KENTIP * KTIP * KVVS / power of the radiator section, where:
- CO - type of glazing (regular windows - 1.27; double glass package - 1.0; triple glass package - 0.85);
- KTEP - the degree of thermal insulation of walls (low or without insulation - 1.27; average - 1.0; high degree of thermal insulation, made using modern materials - 0.85);
- KPL-the ratio of the area of \u200b\u200bwindow openings to the floor of the room (10%-0.8; 20%-0.9; 30%-1.0; 40%-1.1; 50%-1.2);
- Kem-the minimum air temperature outside the window in the coldest time (-10 ° C-0.7; -15 ° C-0.9; -20 ° C-1,1; -25 ° C-1,3; -35 ° C-1.5);
- Kenn-the number of external walls (1-1.1; 2-1.2; 3-1.3; 4-1.4);
- Ctip - a coefficient that adjusts the necessary power of the battery, based on the room located above the room (the attic is not heated - 1.0; residential apartment - 0.8; heated attic - 0.9);
- KVVS -ceiling height (up to 2.5 m -1,0; from 2.5 m to 3 m -1.05; from 3 m to 3.5 m -1.1; from 3.5 m to 4 m - 1.15;
For example, the area of \u200b\u200bthe room located on the 3rd floor in a 5-story panel house is 15 m² at a room height of 2.5 m. External insulation is made using cheap heat-insulating materials. The room has one window with a triple double -glazed window and, accordingly, one outer wall. The ratio of the floor with a window opening is about 10%. In winter, the temperature drops to -35 ° C. Radiator power - 200 watts.
The required battery power \u003d 15*100*0.85*1.0*0.8*1.5*0.8*1.0/200 \u003d 6.12.
For heating the room, 7 sections of a radiator with a capacity of 200 watts will be required.
Thus, the calculation of heating radiators, taking into account the correction coefficients, gives a more accurate result, which may be completely less than when determining the number of sections using approximate calculations.
