Many owners of old old -fashioned houses are interested in whether it is possible to build a cellar in the house. This, at first glance, the unnecessary room actually solves many problems. For example, where will you store the crop of potatoes and other vegetables? And where to add up jam, salads, salty cucumbers and tomatoes prepared for the winter? Just for these purposes, a cellar in a private house is needed.
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In the 60s of the last century, it was customary to build a cellar that was separate from the dwelling. If it was built in compliance with all norms, then there were no problems during operation. After a few decades of use, in such a cellar the potato began to be stored worse, just a month after laying, sprouts and rot began to appear. Spoiled banks with blockage had to be sent to the garbage bucket almost every week. If a separate cellar does not cope with its tasks, and perhaps it is completely absent in your private house, then there is a need to arrange a cellar in the house.
How to make a cellar under the house? Where to start, at what depths can the underput be placed, and in which part of the house is the best place to make a room? There are a lot of questions, our task is to build a cellar in a private house according to all the rules. The construction of the underground can be entrusted to professionals, but the real owner will cope with this task on his own. After all, the main thing is desire, a little patience and dexterity.
What are the advantages of the underground in a private house
As mentioned earlier, in the last century, separate cellars were popular. The operation of such a basement was very convenient. At any time, it was possible to go down the basement and put/take the crop.
Now, in order to build such a cellar, it is necessary to make a lot of effort. For example, first you need to properly insulate the storage, pay special attention to the warming of the ceiling. Even in the presence of modern building materials, there is no guarantee that a stable temperature will be maintained in the street cellar. Another thing is the cellar in a private house - all year round in the room the optimum temperature for storing blockage and vegetables is preserved.
The cellar in a private house. Photo:
The basement in a private house is a small room in which the floor level will be less than the height of the walls of 1/2 and below the ground level. If the depth of the underground is less than half of the height of the walls, then such a room is called the basement.
Consider the main advantages and disadvantages of basements in residential buildings.
What are the advantages:
- the basement is an additional useful area in a private house. In the room you can store conservation, food, vegetables, fruits and any other things;
- from the basement you can make a workshop, garage, a separate place for storing vegetables, ripening cheese and wine, you can also make a laundry, gym, pool and even a sauna;
- if you have a small house, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe local area is not enough to build a separate barn with a basement, then it is quite possible to do with a basement built under a private house;
- if there is a basement, the floor in your house will always remain warm and dry;
- we ourselves create comfortable conditions for living in the house - in the cold season we do not need to go outside to get into the barn and go down to the basement for conservation or vegetables.
What are the disadvantages of the basement in the house:
- the only drawback of building a basement in a private house is the high cost of materials. Not everyone will be able to build a cellar under the house, because if you calculate the costs, then the cost of construction work will be approximately 25% of the total construction of a residential building. After all, first you need to perform the most difficult part of the work - remove the Earth, then equip the waterproofing and make the interior of the basement.
How to make a cellar in a private house
Before the construction of the cellar, we determine the place under the house. It is very important not only the convenience of the technical room itself, but also the factors that can affect its functionality. During the construction of a cellar in a private house with your own hands, it is important to consider the depth of groundwater.
How to make a dry cellar in the house:
- It is necessary to take into account the type of soil. If your house is located on a rocky basis, then digging the cellar will be problematic, because it is impossible to “drive” heavy equipment under the room.
- The height of groundwater - if it changes several times a year (the maximum level is achieved in winter), then laying a reliable base (waterproofing layer) is necessary, which does not always justify hope. Over time, if groundwater rises high, then the basement can flood. It is possible to avoid this if you raise the bottom of the cellar 50 cm above the upper mark.
Groundwater
How can you determine the level of groundwater? It is impossible to predict this natural process, the only thing we can do is ask the neighbors, if they have a well or well, then what is the depth of groundwater. You can go the other way and perform a trial drilling or do this: when dry weather was installed on the street, cover a small area of \u200b\u200bthe soil, which adjoins your house, a film. The very next day you can get an answer to your question - if the plastic film remains dry, then you can proceed to the construction of the basement, and if the condensate appeared, then soil waters are located in the immediate vicinity.
When the optimal place for arranging the cellar is chosen, you can start work. Take care in advance about where you will move excess soil. The problem is solved if you simultaneously build a residential building and lay the cellar. At this stage, it is easier to do ventilation. Another question is, what if there is already a basement and walls in a residential building. Then it is necessary to manually dig the pit, and deliver the entire soil to the surface in small batches. This process is laborious, so you will need dexterity and patience.
Tools to perform this part of the work:
- shovel;
- pick;
- earth container (bucket and car).
When you engage in the installation of a pit, teach that it is undesirable to dig a hole near the walls of a residential building, since then you can weaken the soil under the building and the building can be deformed.
If your house is built on pile soil, then there can be no danger, since the entire load falls on the lower soil layer, to which it is impossible to get a manually with the help of a shovel.
The depth of the pit for the arrangement of the cellar should be 2.5 m, taking into account the floor level in the living room. In addition, we take into account the thickness of the sporting layer, plus the screed - the height of the room will eventually be 2 m. This is quite enough for the comfortable operation of the cellar.
If soil waters run low, then you can dig a drainage well into which water and condensation will enter during precipitation (rain, snow). The depth of the well - 1 m, the diameter is 50 cm. If the water level remains stable and high, there is a need to arrange a pier - this is a small reservoir with hermetic walls for collecting water, which from time to time must be pumped out using a drainage pump.
Choosing a place
It is important when building a cellar to decide on the place of its location. It is impossible for the underwear to adjoin the foundation, since then temperature changes will occur, which means that it will not be possible to ensure the safety of reserves.
It is advisable to place the cellar not under the heated room. If you choose a place for the cellar under the hallway or veranda, then you can provide a natural microclimate in the storage.
Many owners of private houses believe that if you deepen the cellar, you can count on a stable temperature in the room. This is really so, just why spend strength and extra means to make a deep cellar, because you can use high -quality insulating materials.
Why ventilation is needed in the cellar
The preservation of not only the basement, but all the communications in the house is the right ventilation. If the room has good air circulation, then the occurrence of fungus and mold can be avoided, and most importantly, getting rid of excess moisture, which over the years gradually destroys the structure of the house. Regardless of the selected material (even the most expensive and modern), oxygen and moisture act destructively on the structure.
There is always a little oxygen in the basement, plus high humidity. It turns out that the cellar contains an increased percentage of methane, which means that there is a high probability of fire and even an explosion. It is clear that being in such a room will be dangerous. How to make a cellar under the house to avoid this problem?
Since the optimum temperature of a correctly equipped cellar is +5-7 oC, and humidity ranges from 60-70%, this will be enough to ensure the safety of vegetables and conservation. To get closer to these indicators of the ideal cellar, it is necessary to equip the ventilation system. It will not allow the temperature to decline in the cold season.
It is best to equip natural ventilation of the cellar. Its principle of operation is extremely simple - the warm air should rise, and the cold air down. It is quite possible to do this without large investments-it is necessary to equip a natural supply and exhaust ventilation system. To realize this task, take 2 steel or galvanized pipes, you can use polyvicloride pipes or asbestos -cement. Install the supply pipe in the corner of the cellar - at an altitude of 50 cm from the floor, exhaust - on the opposite side of the room in the upper part of the cellar, right under the ceiling. It should be half a meter higher than the horse, as a result we get the pressure difference, and in the cellar - natural air circulation. The final result will depend on the difference in the pipe, as well as on the difference in temperature and circulation of air.
Usually, such ventilation is installed during the construction of the house and there are no special problems with the installation of pipes. If you make a cellar in a residential building, then you must first prepare the site, drill a hole in the foundation to install an exhaust pipe. It can be launched along the wall and attached to the house with brackets or clamps. On the opposite side of the cellar, a section of the foundation is also dug and a supply pipe is installed. The gaps between the pipes need to be stacked, and on the upper part of the supply pipe, put a fine -mesh net so that rodents and garbage do not get into the room.
The arrangement of floor and walls in the cellar
After a place for the arrangement of the cellar is prepared and ventilation has been thought out, it is time to insulate a residential building. To do this, the bottom of the cellar must be leveled and filled with small gravel (layer thickness 15 cm). If you made a well, then it must be fenced with a wooden beam so that a concrete solution does not get inside.
Pour the pre -prepared molten bitumen on the crushed stone, so we can provide a barrier to water - even with a low groundwater occurring with prolonged floods and rain, water may appear in the cellar.
A good option is to fill the floor with a layer of crushed stone and sand, and lay dense polyethylene on top, which also serves as a waterproofing material.
Next, we mount a metal grid onto the film. It should not lie on the screed, so we build a stand (height 3 cm). After performing this part of the work, you can pour the floor in the cellar with concrete. As a solution for the preparation of concrete, it is better to use the cement of the M200 brand, or you can prepare the solution yourself from a mixture of sand with cement. Proportions: 1 part of the cement M400 and 3 parts of the sand (can be replaced with small gravel).
We carry out the finish of the walls of the cellar in a wooden house. The walls in the cellar can be removed from monolithic reinforced concrete or brick. By the way, instead of bricks you can use foam blocks.
How to finish walls with monolithic reinforced concrete:
- We build internal formwork from any improvised material. OSP, plywood or boards are suitable.
- The wall is lined with waterproofing material (roofing material or dense polyethylene).
- We collect a frame of reinforced wire.
- We will prepare the solution in the above way and proceed to fill the frame in layers. Every 25 cm we make bayonet.
- You can remove the formwork after 5 days, but the concrete will gain final strength after a month.
- If you work in hot times, it is important to prevent concrete cracking, for this walls from time to time you need to moisturize with water from a spray gun.
Brick walls
For masonry, you can use foam blocks or red brick (just not hollow). Such material retains heat well and does not pass moisture.
If your house is built on dry soil, then wall laying in the cellar can be done in half a brick, if groundwater runs nearby, then in 1 brick.
The finish of the cellar
The walls in the basement must be treated with a primed mixture and plastered. Instead of a primer, you can soak them with gash -lime to protect the cellar from the spread of the fungus.
It is undesirable to sheathe the walls of the cellar with wood materials (lining, etc.) in order to prevent the accumulation of condensate formed between the panels and the wall.
You can equip the cellar inside in different ways. If you plan to store vegetables and conservation, then you need to install a sufficient number of shelves for storing glass jars. The shelves are better to immediately build metal, as the tree will begin to rot over time.
For storage of vegetables (cabbage, potatoes, onions, carrots), make wooden boxes. They can be installed closer to the entrance.
How to build a staircase in a cellar
Since we built a cellar in a private house, you can get into it directly through the hatch or make a full -fledged staircase.
If you want to comfortably visit the repository, then the staircase can be installed finished wooden (which actually facilitates the process) or build a staircase. Steps (width 35 cm, depth - 15 cm) is best cast from concrete, it is undesirable to use wood for these purposes.
Stairment with a slope 60 oWith a horizontal, it should rest against the outer wall, and on the other hand, on a canopy.
To cope with the construction of the cellar in the house, we suggest familiarizing yourself with the video material:
